Ordinal regression analysis showed that muzzle grayness was significantly predicted by fear of loud noises ( p = 0.001), unfamiliar animals ( p = 0.031), and unfamiliar people ( p < 0.001). Fear responses to loud noise, unfamiliar animals and people were associated with increased grayness. Dog size, spay/neuter status, or medical problems did not predict extent of muzzle grayness. In our sample of young dogs, latent variable regression showed that the extent of muzzle grayness was significantly and positively predicted by anxiety ( p = 0.005) and impulsivity ( p < 0.001).
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Examples of survey items indicating impulsivity included: jumping on people, inability to calm, loss of focus, hyperactivity after exercise.
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Examples of survey items indicating anxiety included: destruction when left alone hair loss on vet exam or being in a new place and cringes/cowers in response to groups of people. Distractor items were added to the survey to prevent the owner from guessing the purpose of the survey. To prevent response bias, owners were told that the purpose of the study involved dog lifestyle. Each owner filled out a questionnaire assessing the constructs of anxiety and impulsivity, as well as other behaviors and characteristics. Each dog was photographed and the degree of muzzle grayness was rated on an ordinal scale ranging from “no gray” to “full gray.” White or pale colored dogs were dropped from the study because it was impossible to determine degree of grayness. A sample of 400 dogs, ages 1–4 years was obtained at dog parks, shows, veterinary clinics, and other venues. In whippets, the values found in this study can be used as references in order to avoid overinterpretation of cardiac dilation, hypertrophy, and/or decreased contractility in these dogs.The present study examined the association of anxiety and impulsivity with premature muzzle grayness among young dogs. In conclusion, the results of this study confirm that breed-specific reference values are needed in echocardiography. Minor differences were found between racing and show pedigree dogs. Second, comparing males and females, taking body weight differences into account, females had a significantly larger left ventricular diameter in diastole and systole. Fractional shortening was significantly lower than the reference value. First, we found that whippets have a significantly larger left ventricular diameter, increased left ventricular wall, and interventricular septum thickness than expected, in diastole as well as in systole. The coefficients of the allometric equation Y=a M b, useful to reconstruct normal M-mode and two-dimensional average values for whippets of varying weights, were calculated, as well as the lower and upper limits of the 95% prediction interval. Echocardiographic parameters from 105 apparently healthy whippets without cardiac symptoms were used to establish reference values for the breed and to compare these values with two previously reported reference ranges. The aim of the study was to establish reference echocardiographic values for whippets, to compare these values with previously published reference values for the general dog population, and to determine whether there is an influence of gender and breeding lines on echocardiographic measurements.